[Submitted on 16 Feb 2026 (v1), last revised 6 Nov 2026 (this version, v3)]
Abstract:Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) provide a theoretical framework for understanding computation in biological neural circuits through their ability to support rich time-dependent behaviour. Whilst high-dimensional by construction, they can be used to encode low-dimensional dynamical systems, for example by restricting to low-rank connectivity, hence mirroring the emergence of latent neural manifolds found in empirical neural data. Here, we exploit a relationship between RNNs and a class of universal approximators to train networks that can represent arbitrary, nonlinear stochastic differential equations (SDEs), with given drift and diffusion coefficients, within a low-dimensional latent subspace. We show that RNNs can faithfully embed the drift and diffusion of a given SDE, including nonlinear and nonequilibrium dynamics such as chaotic attractors. We apply this approach by constructing RNN realisations of stochastic systems that transiently explore various attractors through both input-driven switching and autonomous transitions driven by nonequilibrium currents, which we interpret as models of associative and sequential (episodic) memory. To elucidate how these dynamics are encoded in the network, we introduce decompositions of the RNN based on its asymmetric connectivity and its time-irreversibility. Our results show that neural populations can implement a broad class of stochastic dynamics within low-dimensional manifolds, unifying ideas from the dynamics of neural computation, the theory of neural manifolds, associative memory, and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.
Submission history
From: Ramón Nartallo-Kaluarachchi [view email]
[v1] Mon, 16 Feb 2026 16:15:59 UTC (38,125 KB)
[v2] Wed, 3 Jun 2026 11:34:12 UTC (39,769 KB)
[v3] Fri, 6 Nov 2026 11:06:42 UTC (29,027 KB)
