[Submitted on 12 Oct 2026 (v1), last revised 27 Oct 2026 (this version, v2)]
Authors:Xing Liu, Yifan Guo, Hongtai Lv, Lei Lou, Yuyi Tan, Jiang Du, Xijia Zhang, Ming Zhang, Chao Pang, Minglei Li, Wei Liu, Xiaobo Zhu, Song Zhang, Rong Yu, Hanlin Shu, Wenzhuo Xu, Tao Jiang, Cheng Lu, Jie Tian, Qing Chang, Zhenyu Liu
Abstract:Intraoperative frozen-section diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) lesions guides surgical decisions but is challenged by artefacts, diagnostic complexity and time constraints. Most pathology foundation models have limited exposure to CNS frozen tissue. Here we present FOCUS, a subspecialty foundation model pretrained on 27,930 frozen-section whole-slide images enriched for CNS tissue. FOCUS ranked first across all 11 diagnostic and 12 biomarker-prediction tasks in the internal test cohort, achieving mean AUCs of 0.969 and 0.877, respectively. This advantage was retained in the temporal and external test cohorts. We further organized a WHO-aligned diagnostic hierarchy, where FOCUS also outperformed comparator models. In a reader study, FOCUS assistance enabled junior readers to approach or exceed unassisted senior readers in hierarchical diagnostic accuracy and granularity. More importantly, FOCUS assistance enabled readers to correctly identify a mean of 63.0% of initially missed lymphoma cases (73.2% among junior readers), potentially avoiding unnecessary extensive resection. These findings highlight the potential of FOCUS to provide clinically actionable support for intraoperative CNS pathology and inform surgical decisions.
Submission history
From: Zhenyu Liu [view email]
[v1] Mon, 12 Oct 2026 14:59:04 UTC (6,743 KB)
[v2] Tue, 27 Oct 2026 04:20:22 UTC (23,566 KB)
