[Submitted on 22 Aug 2026]
Abstract:Accurate reconstruction of incomplete sensor fields is critical for state awareness in safety-critical digital twins (DTs). Thermocouples in high-temperature and radiation environments may drift, fail, or become intermittently unavailable, causing partial observability. This study develops a sparse-sensor reconstruction framework for Oregon State University’s High Temperature Test Facility (HTTF) and evaluates six methods under intra- and inter-experiment protocols: three conditional generative models (i.e., a diffusion model [DM], variational autoencoder [VAE], and generative adversarial network [GAN]), two deterministic recurrent neural-network models, and ridge regression. For intra-experiment reconstruction within the PG{-}29 depressurized conduction cooldown (DCC) test, the models combine graph-based spatial encoding with gated recurrent units. The graph neural network (GNN)–gated recurrent unit (GRU) VAE achieves the lowest error, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of $11.73,^circ$C, a root mean square error (RMSE) of $20.54,^circ$C, and an $R^2$ of 0.98. The deterministic GNN–GRU and plain GRU obtain RMSE values of $25.26,^circ$C and $35.22,^circ$C, respectively, demonstrating the benefit of spatial modeling. All three generative models reduce RMSE by more than half compared with ridge regression. The DM maintains an $R^2$ of 0.94 when known sensors decrease from 91 to 45. For inter-experiment reconstruction, models trained on PG{-}27 pressurized conduction cooldown (PCC) are evaluated on PG{-}29 using section-context conditioning. The section-context DM achieves the best transfer performance, with an RMSE of $42.84,^circ$C and an $R^2$ of 0.91. These results demonstrate the value of spatiotemporal generative modeling for missing-sensor reconstruction in safety-critical DT applications.
Submission history
From: Majdi Radaideh [view email]
[v1] Sat, 22 Aug 2026 20:13:58 UTC (11,361 KB)
